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1 New Christian
x. MARRANO -
2 Christian Democratic Party
Established originally as the Centro Democático e Social (CDS) in May 1974, following the fall of the Estado Novo, the CDS was supported by conservatives inspired by Christian humanism and Catholic social doctrines. In the first democratic elections after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which were held on 25 April 1975, the CDS won only a disappointing 7.6 percent of the vote for the Constituent Assembly. In the following general elections for the Assembly of the Republic, in April 1976, however, the party more than doubled its votes to 16 percent and surpassed the number of votes for the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). In 1979-80, the Christian Democrats joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in a coalition called the Aliança Democrática (Democratic Alliance), a grouping that defeated the Socialist Party (PS) in the succeeding elections. The Christian Democrats remained in the background as the principal party rivals for power were the PS and the PSD.In the 1990s, the CDS altered its name to the Partido Popular (PP) and featured new leaders such as party chief Paulo Portas. While the democratic Portuguese system had become virtually a two-party dominant system by the 1980s and 1990s, the PP would have opportunities, depending upon circumstances, to share power in another coalition with one of the two larger, major parties, the PS or PSD. Indeed, parliamentary election results in March 2002 gave the party just such an opportunity, as the PP won 14 percent of the vote, thus surpassing for the first time since the 1975 elections the PCP, which was reduced to 12 percent of the vote. The PP thus gained new influence as the PSD, which won the largest number of seats in this election, was obliged to share governance with the PP in order to have a working majority in the legislature.Various right-wing lobbies and interest groups influenced the PP. In early 2000, the PP proposed a law to the Assembly of the Republic whereby former colonists, now mainly resident in Portugal, who had lost property in Portugal's former colonies of Angola and Mozambique, would be compensated by Portugal for material losses during decolonization. The PP leadership argued that the manner in which the governments after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 administered the disputed, controversial decolonization process in these territories made the government responsible for compensating Portuguese citizens for such losses. The PS-dominated government of then prime minister, Antônio Guterres, argued, however, that independent governments of those former colonies were responsible for any compensation due. Thus, Guterres declined to accept the proposed legislation. This proposal by the PP and others like it followed upon other proposed laws such as Law 20, 19 June 1997, put before the Assembly of the Republic, which was passed under the aegis of the PS. This law pledged to compensate opposition militants (the survivors) who had opposed the Estado Novo and had spent years in exile, as well as in clandestine activities. Such compensations would come in the form of pensions and social security benefits. Given the strength of conservative constituencies and former settlers' lobbies, it is likely that the Christian Democrats will introduce more such proposed laws in future parliamentary sessions.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Christian Democratic Party
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3 New Christians
Term applied to Portuguese of Jewish descent who had been converted to Christianity after the 1496 expulsion of Jews law of King Manuel I. Jews had settled in Portugal since the early years of the monarchy, and by the late 15th century, a significant minority of Jews was dominant in agriculture, medicine, crafts, finance, and government. Part of King Manuel's marriage contract with a Spanish princess decreed the expulsion of Jews in Portugal, following what had occurred in Spain in 1492. Those persons who had converted to Christianity after the 1496 expulsion law in order to avoid having to leave Portugal were termed "New Christians" (Cristãos-Novos) to distinguish them from "Old Christians," the remainder of the Christian population. For centuries thereafter, New Christians suffered persecution and discrimination in Portugal, both at the hands of the Inquisition (after 1536) and from other sectors of society. It was not until the laws passed by the Marquis de Pombal regime in the 1770s that official discrimination in holding public office in Portugal was ended in the case of the New Christians. Some New Christians only formally adopted Catholicism and as "Crypto-Jews" practiced corrupted forms of Judaic belief in remote provincial towns such as Belmonte, in Beira Alta province. Such practices continued into the 20th century -
4 Christian Brothers
1) Религия: (A secret society formed in early 16th century to distrubute the New Testament in English) "Братья-христиане"2) Христианство: Христианские братья -
5 Christian Scriptures
Религия: Новый завет Господа нашего Иисуса Христа, (The books of the New Testament) Священное Писание христиан -
6 Christian scriptures
Религия: Новый завет Господа нашего Иисуса Христа, (The books of the New Testament) Священное Писание христиан -
7 New Testament
1) Религия: (The second, later, and smaller part of the Christian Bible comprising the canonical Gospels and Epistles and also the book of Acts and book of Revelation) "Новый Завет"2) Библия: Новый Завет3) Христианство: новозаветный -
8 Christian Brothers (A secret society formed in early 16th century to distrubute the New Testament in English)
Религия: "Братья-христиане"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Christian Brothers (A secret society formed in early 16th century to distrubute the New Testament in English)
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9 Christian Scriptures (The books of the New Testament)
Религия: Священное Писание христианУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Christian Scriptures (The books of the New Testament)
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10 New Testament (The second, later, and smaller part of the Christian Bible comprising the canonical Gospels and Epistles and also the book of Acts and book of Revelation)
Религия: "Новый Завет"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > New Testament (The second, later, and smaller part of the Christian Bible comprising the canonical Gospels and Epistles and also the book of Acts and book of Revelation)
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11 New Birth Christian Church
Religion: NBCCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > New Birth Christian Church
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12 The King's New Clothes
n. Kungens nya kläder (saga skriven av Hans Christian Andersen) -
13 The Emperor's New Clothes
Kejserens nye klæder [Hans Christian Andersen] -
14 Kejserens nye klæder [Hans Christian Andersen]
The Emperor's New ClothesDansk-engelsk ordbog mini > Kejserens nye klæder [Hans Christian Andersen]
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15 Diesel, Rudolph Christian Karl
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1858 Paris, Franced. 1913 at sea, in the English Channel[br]German inventor of the Diesel or Compression Ignition engine.[br]A German born in Paris, he was educated in Augsburg and later in Munich, where he graduated first in his class. There he took some courses under Professor Karl von Linde, pioneer of mechanical refrigeration and an authority on thermodynamics, who pointed out the low efficiency of the steam engine. He went to work for the Linde Ice Machine Company as an engineer and later as Manager; there he conceived a new basic cycle and worked out its thermodynamics, which he published in 1893 as "The theory and construction of a rational heat motor". Compressing air adiabatically to one-sixteenth of its volume caused the temperature to rise to 1,000°F (540°C). Injected fuel would then ignite automatically without any electrical system. He obtained permission to use the laboratories of the Augsburg-Nuremburg Engine Works to build a single-cylinder prototype. On test it blew up, nearly killing Diesel. He proved his principle, however, and obtained financial support from the firm of Alfred Krupp. The design was refined until successful and in 1898 an engine was put on display in Munich with the result that many business people invested in Diesel and his engine and its worldwide production. Diesel made over a million dollars out of the invention. The heart of the engine is the fuel-injection pump, which operates at a pressure of c.500 psi (35 kg/cm). The first English patent for the engine was in 1892. The firms in Augsburg sent him abroad to sell his engine; he persuaded the French to adopt it for submarines, Germany having refused this. Diesel died in 1913 in mysterious circumstances, vanishing from the Harwich-Antwerp ferry.[br]Further ReadingE.Diesel, 1937, Diesel, derMensch, das Werk, das Schicksal, Hamburg. J.S.Crowther, 1959, Six Great Engineers, London.John F.Sandfort, 1964, Heat Engines.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Diesel, Rudolph Christian Karl
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16 Ellehammer, Jacob Christian Hansen
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 14 June 1871 South Zealand, Denmarkd. b. 20 May 1946 Copenhagen, Denmark[br]Danish inventor who took out some four hundred patents for his inventions, including aircraft.[br]Flying kites as a boy aroused Ellehammer's interest in aeronautics, and he developed a kite that could lift him off the ground. After completing an apprenticeship, he started his own manufacturing business, whose products included motor cycles. He experimented with model aircraft as a sideline and used his mo tor-cycle experience to build an aero engine during 1903–4. It had three cylinders radiating from the crankshaft, making it, in all probability, the world's first air-cooled radial engine. Ellehammer built his first full-size aircraft in 1905 and tested it in January 1906. It ran round a circular track, was tethered to a central mast and was unmanned. A more powerful engine was needed, and by September Ellehammer had improved his engine so that it was capable of lifting him for a tethered flight. In 1907 Ellehammer produced a new five-cylinder radial engine and installed it in the first manned tri-plane, which made a number of free-flight hops. Various wing designs were tested and during 1908–9 Ellehammer developed yet another radial engine, which had six cylinders arranged in two rows of three. Ellehammer's engines had a very good power-to-weight ratio, but his aircraft designs lacked an understanding of control; consequently, he never progressed beyond short hops in a straight line. In 1912 he built a helicopter with contra-rotating rotors that was a limited success. Ellehammer turned his attention to his other interests, but if he had concentrated on his excellent engines he might have become a major aero engine manufacturer.[br]Bibliography1931, Jeg fløj [I Flew], Copenhagen (Ellehammer's memoirs).Further ReadingC.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (contains concise information on Ellehammer's aircraft and their performance).J.H.Parkin, 1964, Bell and Baldwin, Toronto (provides more detailed descriptions).JDSBiographical history of technology > Ellehammer, Jacob Christian Hansen
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17 Glenck, Karl Christian Friedrich
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 13 April 1779 Schwäbisch Hall, Germanyd. 21 November 1845 Gotha, Germany[br]German salt-mining expert who introduced large-scale salt explorations.[br]Having studied law at the University of Erlangen, he became Confidential Secretary to the Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, in whose territory his father had been in charge of a saltworks. When this small country fell to Württemberg in 1806, Glenck continued his mineralogical and geological studies in order to develop methods of finding deposits of salt. He was the first to carry out systematic large-scale salt explorations in Germany, mostly in southern and central parts, and achieved remarkable results that far exceeded former non-systematic findings. He worked either on behalf of governments or companies or at his own risk, and in the early 1820s he settled in Gotha to live in the centre of the regions of greatest interest to him.His career began in 1819 with the discovery of the deposits of Ludwigshall near Wimpfen, Neckar, and prospecting salt near Basel in 1836 was his greatest success: Schweizerhall, opened one year later, made Switzerland self-sufficient in salt production. For fifteen years he had invested large sums into this project, which became the fifth salt-works to come into existence due to his drilling. Glenck worked with stir rods and he developed several new technical devices, such as casing the bore holes with iron pipes instead of wood (1830), and using wooden instead of iron rods to reduce the weight (1834). A flexible connection between rod and drill was to be introduced later by Karl von Oeynhausen. One of Glenck's most important followers in the field of deep-drilling was K.G. Kind.[br]Further ReadingW.Carlé, 1969, "Die Salinistenfamilie Glenck", Lebensbilder aus Schwaben und Franken 11: 118–49 (with substantial biographical information).D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbobrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg, (provides an evaluation of his technological developments).WKBiographical history of technology > Glenck, Karl Christian Friedrich
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18 Aphthartodocetism (A Christian heresy of the 6th century that carried Monophysitism - Christ had but one nature and that divine - to a new extreme)
Религия: афтартодокетизмУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Aphthartodocetism (A Christian heresy of the 6th century that carried Monophysitism - Christ had but one nature and that divine - to a new extreme)
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19 Cerinthians (Followers of Cerinthus, a 1st century Christian heretic whose errors led the apostle John to write his New Testament Gospel)
Религия: керинфианеУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Cerinthians (Followers of Cerinthus, a 1st century Christian heretic whose errors led the apostle John to write his New Testament Gospel)
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20 Corinthians (Either of two New Testament letters addressed from the apostle Paul to the Christian community that he had founded at Corinth, Greece)
Религия: "К Коринфянам"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Corinthians (Either of two New Testament letters addressed from the apostle Paul to the Christian community that he had founded at Corinth, Greece)
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